Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis :: Papers

Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis Presentation On the 26th of December at 06:48 Sri Lankan time(11:48) while the greater part of the populace were simply resting following a long Christmas day, one of the universes biggest recorded tremor struck creating a tidal wave which left the Indian sea nations with more than 162,000 individuals dead and $675 million(U.S)of harms. The quake hit nations that were at that point messed with neediness and obligation leaving them needing pressing assistance. Around the world, individuals reacted to help conquer this awful fiasco giving $450million and the British government gave a promise of $96million. The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese word with the English interpretation, harbor wave. Represented by two characters, the top character, tsu, implies harbor, while the base character, nami, signifies wave. before, torrents were here and there alluded to as tsunamis by the overall population however they are not really identified with tides. Causes The overwhelming torrent was brought about by a quake with an extent of 9.0 on the Richter scale and was evaluated to have discharged the vitality of 23,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs. The focal point of the tremor was under the Indian Ocean close to the west shoreline of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The savage development of segments of the Earth's covering, known as structural plates, uprooted a tremendous sum of water, sending ground-breaking stun waves toward each path. The seismic tremor was brought about by the sliding of the India plate under the area called the Burma plate which is known as a dangerous plate limit. The development has been continuing for a thousand years, one plate pushing against the other until something needs to give. The aftereffect of this development of weight occurred on December 26 was a burst in the earths outside which was evaluated in excess of 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) in length, uprooting the ocean bottom above Graph indicating the procedures associated with a wave moving toward a coastlineby 10 meters on a level plane and a few meters vertically. This little unstick made trillions of huge amounts of rock move along several Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis :: Papers Causes, Impact and Management of Tsunamis Presentation On the 26th of December at 06:48 Sri Lankan time(11:48) while the greater part of the populace were simply resting following a long Christmas day, one of the universes biggest recorded tremor struck creating a tidal wave which left the Indian sea nations with more than 162,000 individuals dead and $675 million(U.S)of harms. The seismic tremor hit nations that were at that point messed with neediness and obligation leaving them needing pressing assistance. Around the world, individuals reacted to help conquer this terrible debacle giving $450million and the British government gave a vow of $96million. The word ‘Tsunami’ is a Japanese word with the English interpretation, harbor wave. Represented by two characters, the top character, tsu, implies harbor, while the base character, nami, signifies wave. before, tidal waves were now and again alluded to as tsunamis by the overall population however they are not really identified with tides. Causes The overwhelming tidal wave was brought about by a seismic tremor with an extent of 9.0 on the Richter scale and was assessed to have discharged the vitality of 23,000 Hiroshima nuclear bombs. The focal point of the quake was under the Indian Ocean close to the west bank of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. The fierce development of areas of the Earth's covering, known as structural plates, dislodged a huge sum of water, sending incredible stun waves toward each path. The quake was brought about by the sliding of the India plate under the segment called the Burma plate which is known as a dangerous plate limit. The development has been continuing for a thousand years, one plate pushing against the other until something needs to give. The aftereffect of this development of weight occurred on December 26 was a crack in the earths hull which was assessed in excess of 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) in length, dislodging the ocean bottom above Outline indicating the procedures engaged with a tidal wave moving toward a coastlineby 10 meters on a level plane and a few meters vertically. This little unstick made trillions of huge amounts of rock move along many

International law moot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Universal law unsettled - Essay Example As for Rocky, Ruritania may contend that compliant with the adage standard in parem non habet jurisdictionem (no state has locale over another) applies on account of Rocky who is the child of a diplomat.3 This saying is reflected in 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations to which both Ruritania and Utopia are gatherings and along these lines are similarly bound. Specifically Article 41 of the 1963 Vienna Convention gives that: Consular officials will not be at risk to capture or detainment pending preliminary, with the exception of on account of a grave wrongdoing and as per a choice by the equipped legal authority.4 Rocky has not been ensnared in any wrongdoing in spite of the fact that there are doubts that he may have endeavored to carry out a wrongdoing. Along these lines the gravity of the wrongdoing can't be built up as no wrongdoing was carried out, just the doubt that a wrongdoing may have been considered. Hence in accordance with Article 41(1) of the 1963 show, Rockyâ €™s capture and detainment pending preliminary is unlawful. ... It will likewise be contended that since, Rocky is a relative of a minister discretionary resistance under the 1963 Convention applies to him.6 Utopia’s Response Utopia’s reaction will depend on the UN Declaration on Friendly Relations which viably extends state obligations under the UN Charter. In such manner, the applicable piece of the UN Declaration on Friendly Relations peruses as follows: Every State has the obligation to cease from sorting out, actuating, helping or taking part in demonstrations of common hardship or fear based oppressor acts in another State or assenting in composed exercises inside its domain coordinated towards the commission of such acts, when the demonstrations alluded to in the current passage include a danger or utilization of force.7 Utopia will thusly contend that Ruritania basically supported or submitted in the psychological oppressor exercises of the FAI and generally upheld their exercises permitting them to dispatch a fear monger as sault on Utopia from Ruritania. Moreover, Utopia will depend on the exemption to the general restriction against war as found in Article 51 of the UN Charter. Article 51 gives as follows: Nothing in the current Charter will disable the intrinsic right of individual or aggregate self-preservation if a furnished assault happens against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken estimates important to keep up global harmony and security. Measures taken by Members in the activity of this privilege of self-protection will be quickly answered to the Security Council and will not at all influence the power and obligation of the Security Council under the current Charter to make whenever such move as it regards vital so as to keep up or reestablish universal harmony and security.8

Mohammed Yunus Creating a World Without Poverty Social Business and the Future of Capitalism COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Mohammed Yunus Creating a World Without Poverty Social Business and the Future of Capitalism COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog As mentioned a few weeks ago on this blog, the winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, Muhammad Yunus, visited SIPA and outlined his vision for a new business model in his talk on Creating A World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. The event was co-sponsored by Center for the Study of Human Rights, Center for the Humanities, SIPAs Economic Political Development Concentration, and Committee on Global Thought. We are happy to say that his full talk is available for your viewing.   Simply click here to view the video.   The whole presentation is 71 minutes in length.

The Present and Past Forms of the Verb To Be

The verb to be is one of the shortest and most important—yet oddest—verbs  in the English language. Its an  irregular verb, and indeed, the only one in English that completely changes form in each tense. Usage of To Be The verb to be is probably the most important verb in English. It can be used in simple statements such as:   How are you?It is a beautiful day!I am from Italy. However, it  can also be used to express complex thoughts. In fact, its the verb at the very core of one of William Shakespeares most famous plays, Hamlet, in which the title character speaks the famous line: To be, or not to be? In this famous quotation, Prince Hamlet  is questioning his very existence, and in effect, wondering if its better to be dead than alive.  At its core, thats what  to be connotes: a state of being or existence. To Be as a Linking, Transitive, or Auxiliary Verb To be  is a very common verb, however, its important  to learn how to use it properly.  Before conjugating the verb in its present and past tenses, its important to understand what this verb does. To be is a   stative verb, meaning, it  refers  to the way things are—their appearance, state of being, and even their smell. To be  or be can be a   linking verb  that  joins the  subject  of a  sentence  to a word or phrase that  tells something about the subject,  as in these examples: Jennifer is my sister.That television show is interesting.Our house is in the countryside. To be can also be an  auxiliary  or helping verb that  works with the main verb, as in these examples: Kim is  making a clay vase.Joe  had  built his first model rocket last year.People  have  admired Michelangelos sculptures for centuries. To be  can also be a  transitive verb, which is a  verb  that takes either a  direct  or  indirect object. An example would be: Sue is talking. In this sentence, is, the to be verb, takes a direct  object, talking. To Be: Present Tense As with any verb, the present tense of the verb to be can take several forms: the indicative or simple present, the present perfect, and the present continuous. The tables below show how to conjugate  to be  in these forms: Indicative Mode Singular Plural I am We are You are You are He/She/It is They are Note that even in the indicative—or simple—present tense, the verb changes in the first, second, and third-person uses. To Be: Present Perfect The present perfect, formed by combining  has  or  have  with a  past participle—usually a verb ending in  -d, -ed, or  -n—indicates actions or events that have been completed or have happened in the present. Singular Plural I have been. We have been. You have been. You have been. He/She/It has been. They have been. Examples of the present perfect include: I have been a teacher for many years.She has been to France several times in her life. To correctly use the verb in the present perfect, just remember that only the third-person singular uses has.  All of the other forms in this tense use have. To Be: Present Continuous The present continuous,  also known as the present progressive,  is generally used to express something happening at the moment. Singular Plural I am thinking. We are thinking. You are thinking. You are thinking. He/She/It is thinking. They are thinking. An example sentence might be: That course is being taken by a number of students. Notice how the to be verb changes depending on the person—first,  second, or  third—as well as the number, singular or plural. Theres no easy trick to learning which form of to be to use here. Just remember, the first person, singular requires am, the second person requires are, and third-person singular requires is.  Fortunately, all the plural forms use are. To Be: Past Simple Past simple indicates that something happened at a  specific time in the past, as in: Her house was built in 1987. Singular Plural I was. We were. You were. You were. He/She/It was. They were. Note that the past singular requires was for the first and third person, while were is used with a second-person pronoun. All forms use were for the plural tenses. Past Perfect The past perfect  indicates actions or events that have been completed or have happened in the past. Singular Plural I had been. We had been. You had been. You had been. He/She/It had been. They had been. Some examples include: Peter had been to the office before they arrived.How long had you been in town before he called you? Peter had been to the post office presumably only once before they arrived, and the person being addressed in the second sentence had been in town for a specific time period before he called. To Be: Past Continuous The past continuous is usually used to refer to events happening at the same time that something important was occurring. Singular Plural I was being We were being You were being You were being He/She/It was being They were being An example of the past continuous in a sentence would be: The ideas were being discussed while the decisions were being made. In this case, the past continuous is used twice to highlight how one action was taking place at the same time as another: Ideas were being discussed at the same time decisions were being made. Other Present and Past Uses of  To Be To be  can also be used in other ways in the present and past tense, such as: The comparative or superlative  form  to make a comparison between people, places, objects, and ideas. Used as such, the to be verb works like an adjective: The Mercedes is faster than the Fiat, or The Mercedes is the fastest car on the lot.In   the   modal  Ã‚  form, also known as the present possibility, indicating that something may occur, as in: He should be at church waiting for us, and past possibility indicating that something might have happened in the past, as in: He might have been at school or at home.A  copular verb  is  when  to be is used to join the  subject  of a  sentence  or  clause  to a complement. Generally, these  complements  are descriptions, often adjective or noun phrases, such as I am sometimes late for work. A copular to be verb is essentially a transitive verb, except that the object is a phrase or clause rather than a single word. In this case, the to be verb, am, links the subject I with the description of the subject, (a person who is) sometimes late for work.

Persuasive Essay on Smoking - 883 Words

The Adversities of Smoking. Smoking and even second hand smoking can lead to fatal diseases such as, lung cancer, cancer of the larynx, esophagus, and bladder diseases. http://www1.umn.edu/perio ltobacco/secondhandsmoke.html / smoking is hazardous enough to an individual’s health and it’s even more disturbing when people are exposed to dangers caused by smoking. The tobacco company however, had thought false labeling would help the situation when all it has done is worsen the case. The tobacco company had come with the idea of light cigarettes, which is just a way to think the cigarettes they are smoking are healthier. Second hand smokers are just as endangered as the actual smokers they are equally exposed to fatal diseases.†¦show more content†¦Justin Baer http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb? We all know tobacco is bad for one’s health, but it gets serious when these companies go as far as overlooking the labeling act of 1965 http://www.fda.gov/opacom/laws/fplact.html which asks that a warning sign is placed at the back of all tobacco products. People’s lives have been lost over these false labeling and the consumption and exposure of these drugs. They are everywhere, for instance, people at public places such as the park and the bus stops are exposed to second hand smoking, which is very deadly. This is unfair because people have every right not to be exposed something that should be illegal. Although the government has tried to resolve these issues by passing laws such as the Clean Indoor Air act, and the labeling act, the intensity of these laws are not good enough, the state of Washington for instance has a law against smoking in restaurants, which is a good thing, but majority of the smoking is done outside of restaurants. Smoking around children is one very disturbing thing, but it’s a reality, the government has tried to put a stop to it inadequately as usual and not in all areas of this country. The state of Texas has a rule regarding smoking around foster kids, this probably would help, but how can you be sure. The best way is to get rid of the tobacco companyShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay Smoking885 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as smoking. People smoke for numerous reasons. These reasons include: socializing, coping with emotions, parental influences, advertising, and for the thrill of risk taking behaviors. In consequence, many people are unaware of the negative aspects to smoking. Smoking not only affects the individual but has negative impacts on others that are around the smoker and the environment as well. In result of these harmful aspects of smoking, smoking should be banned in public places. Smoking shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay Smoking911 Words   |  4 Pages Do you know anyone that has/does suffer from a smoking related issue, that has never even touched a cigarette in their life? The problems that develop from smoking a cigarette are widely known and many people think it is harmful to smoke, but people never think about the harmful effects from inhaling second-hand smoke. Many smokers smoke in public areas every day. Not only are they inhaling all of the deadly chemicals, but so is everyone else around them. Being around a smoker too often and inhalingRead MorePersuasive Essay On Smoking929 Words   |  4 Pages Have you ever wondered why people continue to smoke cigarettes although they are aware that it is harmful for them and the people around them? For some, smoking cigarettes is a solution to relieving stress. According to K.H Ginzel, a professor of pharmacology and toxicology, cigarettes contain over 4,000 different chemicals and one of these chemicals is nicotine. His work at the University of Arkansas is on the area of nicoti ne and its effects. Ginzel, M.D states â€Å"Nicotine is a highly addictiveRead MorePersuasive Essay Smoking896 Words   |  4 Pagesoften seen as a safe or safer route to smoking. It is also relatively new to the market, only hitting the mainstream over the past decade. Due to the fact that it hasn’t been a part of the public consciousness for as long as cigarette smoking, there is a lot of people that still do not fully understand about it. Smoking is an evil habit that millions of people around the world have adapted. However, luckily vaporizers have become a huge trend in the smoking world. â€Å"About 3.7% of adults currentlyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Smoking707 Words   |  3 PagesThe sound of a cough rings throughout the park. The foul stench of thousands of chemicals wafts through the air. Peering around, the culprit is spotted; a man smoking on a nearby bench. Smoking has long since been regarded as one of the number one avoidable causes of death (Pietrangelo Cherney, 2017). Tobacco is one of the most widely-used recreational drugs in the world and although most countries put age restrictions on its use, over a billion adults smoke tobacco legally every day. As wellRead MoreSmoking Persuasive Essay778 Words   |  4 Pagesworldwide start smoking every day, and almost half of those children live in Asia. Its estimated that nearly 4.5 million United States youth are smokers, and if this current pattern persists, about 6.4 tobacco-using children will die prematurely from a smoking-related disease. From those 80,000 to 100,000 children about 50% of them will continue smoking for another decade or two. These kids help make up the 90% of smokers that started before age 21. The youth that has and will start smoking will haveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Smoking1236 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, smoking cigarettes has led to higher risks of developing different kinds of cancers and other health problems. Most people who are smoker s are unaware of how serious their addiction actually is. Not only are they deteriorating their bodies, they are harming others in the process. Even if people are not concerned about their own health, they should at least be thoughtful be considerate enough to be mindful of people around them, particularly their own family. Smoking cigarettes isRead MoreSmoking Persuasive Essay757 Words   |  4 PagesSmoking is a plague to a plethora of individuals. Despite the numerous anti-smoking campaigns held all over the country, we have seen the number of smokers decline in a prolong rate. Even though, millions of ex-smokers surrendered to the temptation and continued with their atrocious habit—feeling depressed since theyre not mentally stable. Naturally, the query ascends: how plausible is it to quit with a horrible addiction like smoking? The simple answer to this question is â€Å"Yes† only if the personRead MorePersuasive Essay On Smoking853 Words   |  4 Pages Cig arette smoking has become the number one cause of preventable diseases and deaths in the United States. While many are aware of that fact, more than 45 million Americans still participate in the activity of smoking. Approximately 480,000 deaths occur annually as an aftermath from smoking—meaning 1 in every 5 deaths (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Furthermore, a heavy smoker, smoking an average of 20 cigarettes to a pack each day, dies 13 to 14 years earlier. Smoking is an all-in-oneRead MorePersuasive Essay Smoking995 Words   |  4 Pagesstill chose to do it. Smoking is a force of habit, it is a choice a person makes either to participate or not but it becomes outrageously addictive. The person choosing to smoke may not realize that they are not just harming themselves but they are also harming the ones surrounded by them. It has a negative effect on the people around the smoker because when the nicotine gets in the air it becomes hard to breathe and it travel s amongst people faster than they realize. Smoking should be banned in all

The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(32) " held responsible for clean up\." The Gowanus Creek Canal is a canal in the Brooklyn, NY that was late designated as a Superfund site by the Environmental Protection Agency. To acquire a full apprehension of the complicated nature of this, I will give a full background of the Superfund every bit good as the Gowanus Creek Canal. What is the Superfund? Harmonizing to the EPA, â€Å" Superfund is the federal authorities ‘s plan to clean up the state ‘s uncontrolled risky waste sites. We will write a custom essay sample on The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now †[ 1 ]Now the Superfund came approximately as a consequence of Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. What brought about the Superfund? This act itself was a merchandise of the assorted dumping sites including the Love Canal and the Times Beach catastrophes. The Love Canal was likely the biggest catastrophe dirt at the clip. The Love Canal was named for William T. Love, who desired to construct a community between upper and lower Niagara River in 1910.[ 2 ]It failed for a few grounds and by the 1920 ‘s had become a dumping land for municipal and industrial waste. The waste country was covered with soil, and was sold by the Hooker Chemical Company to the metropolis for $ 1.00. The metropolis would finally construct over 100 places and 1 school in the country. In 1978, the NY Times ran an article about the chemicals that were being detected in the country. In all 82 compounds were detected in the country ensuing in legion birth defects numbering 22,000 dozenss of toxic waste.[ 3 ]In fact, in one household a grandma had 4 grandchildren, two of whom were born with birth defects. One kid had a birth defect being an excess row of dentitions and cleft lip, while another had an oculus defect.[ 4 ] In mid 1978 there was an detonation and heavy rain autumn followed. After this detonation, big sum of chemicals began to seep/leek and bubble in the land from all over the Love Canal Community. Citizens developed high white blood cell counts and the metropolis was finally abandoned under province orders. President Jimmy Carter issued an exigency fiscal assistance ( the foremost of its sort outside of a natural catastrophe ) , and finally over 200 households moved and the province purchased the places with about 7 million dollars.[ 5 ]This finally led to series of Acts of the Apostless including The Clean Air and Water Acts, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Pesticide Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Toxic Substances Control Act ; all of whom are critical in the defence of the wellness of the state. So how does the Superfund work? Well the Superfund was developed in the 1980 ‘s as a consequence of the antecedently mentioned Love Canal Disaster. It gave the authorities the power to coerce companies that polluted countries to besides clean up the countries that they polluted. The job with this though was that many companies merely did non hold the money or had gone out of concern.[ 6 ]As a consequence of this a revenue enhancement was developed on companies that developed toxic waste and this money was placed into a trust fund. This trust fund was called the Superfund, and was utilized as needed for clean up. The Superfund was funded by three chief beginnings ( 1 ) revenue enhancements on net incomes from crude oil ( oil ) companies, ( 2 ) chemical feedstock revenue enhancement ( a revenue enhancement on 42 potentially risky chemicals ) and ( 3 ) a corporate AMT Tax on net incomes.[ 7 ]Other beginnings of support included ( 1 ) U.S. General Treasury, ( 2 ) cost recoveries from defilers, ( 3 ) involvement o n the fund, and ( 4 ) punishments.[ 8 ]Gas companies were peculiarly angered by the fact that they were forced to pay for 50 % of the revenue enhancement while merely being responsible for 20 % of the contaminated sites.[ 9 ]They were besides upset at the fact that many authorities owned countries were major defilers to superfund sites yet were non being taxed at the same rate. In the twelvemonth 1995, against the wants of President Clinton, the Republican controlled Congress ( reacting to industry ailments ) refused to reauthorize the Superfund Tax ( measure defeated 53-43 ) .[ 10 ]This was a alteration in political policy stance by the Republican Party under whom the Superfund Bill was ab initio authorized and passed ( under Republican President Ronald Reagan ) . By 2003, the Superfund was depleted ( from a high of 8.5 billion dollars ) and so President George W. Bush stated that he would non back up a corporate revenue enhancement to further fund the â€Å" Superfund † .[ 11 ]It was stated that much of the Superfund program is wasted on drawn-out judicial proceeding on finding who is responsible for the dearly-won clean up.[ 12 ] Current Status of Superfund Presently, money that has been directed towards the economic stimulation has been used for the Superfund program clean up sites to the melody of $ 600 million dollars.[ 13 ]The Superfund was supposed to be used in the instance of companies who might hold potentially damaged countries throughout the state were n’t able to pay. Many companies charge that guiltless parties are the 1s who are being held responsible, but you have companies like Vineland ( no longer in concern ) , that pay a superfund revenue enhancement of about $ 3million dollars and are responsible for over $ 120 million dollars in harm.[ 14 ]Simply put, if a company goes out of concern should they taxpayers who are genuinely guiltless be forced to pay for the clean up? The statement that all makers should n’t be held responsible for the wickednesss of the few is merely go throughing the vaulting horse to the authorities and revenue enhancement remunerators. Industries besides argue that some of the Superf und program sites are the consequence of landfills and storage installations that were used by local authorities and the armed forces.[ 15 ]They fail to recognize that the authorities does non separate between private and public entities when it measures those responsible for clean up ; so public entities are besides held responsible for clean up. You read "The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" The Superfund is a kind of insurance policy ( which the authorities could coerce all chemical and oil companies to take out as a private insurance ) to forestall issues like the Love Canal Tragedy from reoccurring. When companies like Vineland go out of concern and the authorities has an duty to protect the people. As a consequence, the authorities must do step to guarantee clean up whether it is out of taxpayer money or company pooled money. The industry trade association, the American Chemistry Council, steadfastly believes that the Superfund should non be reinstated and all activities related to the Superfund program including killing should come from â€Å" general authorities gross. †[ 16 ] Recently, there has been talk of re-instating the Superfund revenue enhancement[ 17 ]At least 30 % of all Superfund program sites are orphaned sites where the authorities can non turn up those companies who damaged the environment or do n’t hold the fundss to execute any kind of clean up.[ 18 ]New Jersey which leads the state with 114 Superfund program sites[ 19 ], has been a beginning of one of the two measures have been proposed to re-instate the Superfund. Rep. Frank Pallone, D-N.J has introduced a measure, and Rep. Earl Blumenauer, D-Ore introduced another measure ( though similar ) to reintroduce the Superfund Tax. Neither of these measures though has made it past the House Committee.[ 20 ]In the Senate, New Jersey Congressman Frank Lautenberg attempted to present a similar Superfund measure, but this died in commission.[ 21 ]This is being opposed vehemently by the American Chemistry Council, which has retained council to forestall the reenactment of the Superfund program jurisprudence.[ 22 ] The recent budged bundle has included more money dedicated towards the EPA for killing, while suggesting revenue enhancements on certain industries.[ 23 ]Many industries have brought judicial proceeding every bit high as the US Supreme Court in an attempt to cut down the punishments and costs that might be brought against them for possible clean up.[ 24 ]One such instance, brought by Shell Oil Company, and decided 8-1 in favour of the company limits liability or killing from possible damagers whom had limited or minor duty for the pollution.[ 25 ]General Electric, the company responsible for much of the pollution in the Hudson River, has brought judicial proceeding disputing the Constitutionality of the Superfund jurisprudence,[ 26 ]saying that it does non let defilers the opportunity to dispute the punishments.[ 27 ] The recent BP Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico has besides strengthened the talk of regenerating the Superfund revenue enhancement for a assortment of grounds. This includes the restrictions that exist as a consequence of the Oil Pollution Act, which was passed in 1990 as a consequence of the Exxon Valdez Spill.[ 28 ]The restriction puts a cap of $ 75 million dollars for things outside of clean up costs like lost rewards or touristry dollars, but all killing costs are still the duty of the defiler. It is thought that the current killing could ensue in over $ 10 billion dollars in lost economic activity.[ 29 ] Gowanus Creek Canal The Gowanus Creek Canal has been called the â€Å" shortest † , â€Å" most of import † , â€Å" busiest † , but best known as the one of the â€Å" most contaminated † canals in the state.[ 30 ]It would gain the name Lavender Lake for the violet shade ( due to the oil movie that rested on the surface and acrid olfactory properties ) . In the early 19th century there was an increased demand for addition moorage and navigational infinite in New York City. As a consequence, the Gowanus Creek Canal began as with the mandate by the NY Legislature in 1849, by intensifying and widening the assorted brooks and recesss. It was carved out of tidal wetlands and brook and completed in 1869. It shortly became a busy waterway for a big sum of commercialism[ 31 ]and built up in 1881 to suit shippers and industrial users north of the Hamilton Bridge.[ 32 ]Standing at 1.8 stat mis the Gowanus Canal was a major finish point for Brownstone based in New Jersey. As a consequence you will see countries around the Canal in Brooklyn ( Carroll Gardens, Cobble Hill, Red Hook and Park Slope ) with a big sum of brownstone houses. As a consequence of the Canal, there was a immense addition in the edifice of mills, warehouses, tanneries, coal shops, stone/coal paces, pigment, ink flour Millss, soap shapers, cement production, and fabricating gas refineries. In add-on since 1869, the Gowanus Canal has besides served as dumping land for sewerage,[ 33 ]industrial sewerage, refineries and chemical workss.[ 34 ]It was the site where chemical fertilisers were foremost produced.[ 35 ]Gowanus Bay itself was a fabrication centre for ship building and gas storage[ 36 ]( which may hold helped take to the increased pollution of the Canal ) . During this period edifice grew at a rate of about 700 per twelvemonth. Each required a sewerage system which finally emptied into the Gowanus Canal.[ 37 ] Due to the high degree of industrial pollution, big sum of risky stuff has been stuck at the underside of the country in and around the canal every bit good as significant airborne pollution. In 1890, as a consequence of utmost pollution, the Bond Street Sewer Pipe was constructed to let go of sewerage into NY Harbor ( this finally failed to function it ‘s purpose ) . By the terminal of the 19th century to World War I, the canal had over 6 million one-year dozenss of lading produced A ; trafficked and was as a consequence one of state ‘s busiest ( and arguably most contaminated ) H2O manner in the state. As a consequence of this big combination of industrial pollution, residential pollution, storm H2O run away and stale H2O a call for a clean up was made. The Canal had to be dredged on a regular basis in order to do it navigable due in big fact to the heavy sewerage that on a regular basis entered the waterway.[ 38 ]The metropolis responded by constructing a 12 pes diameter blushing canal to pump some of the sewerage out of the canal ( 1911 ) . In the 1950 ‘s, with increased changed in transporting engineering, New York experienced a major diminution in their industry. This every bit good as the motion of fabricating off from the New York City country led to the shutting of many mills. Last, the building of the Gowanus Expressway and the Brooklyn Battery Tunnel led to competition for the canal boats for local transportation[ 39 ]because of the usage of trucks for transportation.[ 40 ]By the 1960 ‘s, the huge bulk of commercial activity was gone. In fact by the 1970 ‘s over 50 % of the belongings at the Gowanus was fresh and derelict[ 41 ]. The flushing tunnel that was used to pull out soiled H2O was broken ( by a metropolis worker who by chance[ 42 ]dropped a manhole screen into it ) . After this the canal became a dumping topographic point for a figure of topographic points including the Mafia. With the so called â€Å" Brownstone Revival † ( during the early 1980 ‘s ) in which many in-between category households left the suburbs to reenter the metropolis, there was a renewed activism to clean up the country.[ 43 ]After the find by scientists of typhus, enteric fever and a deadly strain of cholera in the H2O, the Red Hook sewerage intervention works was constructed ( 1989 ) , every bit good as the re-activation of the flushing tunnel and pump station ( 1999 ) .[ 44 ]The Red Hook intervention works has had mixed consequences in footings of effectivity ( due in big portion to floods in the system ) . With the re-activation of the flushing tunnel in 1999, the metropolis witnessed the first flow of â€Å" fresh † H2O from New York Harbor into the Gowanus Canal in 37 old ages.[ 45 ]The new pump brings in approximately 200 to 300 million gallons of oxygenated H2O into the canal per twenty-four hours.[ 46 ] Current Physical Condition and Possible Solutions Presently merely one company ( Bayside Fuel ) still uses the canal as a commercial waterway. Therefore every bit long as they are contained farther pollution can be prevented via industrial dumping. The canal was so contaminated that STD ‘s ( gonorrhoea in a H2O sample ) have been found in the Canal ( Typhoid and cholera infected the waterway in the 1970s ) .[ 47 ]The wellness hazards to country occupants has served a hurt to possible investors in the country, which resulted in the deficiency of residential, commercial and lodging in the country.[ 48 ]The H2O quality which has improved greatly over the past few old ages does non widen to the deposit ( which has n’t been dredged since 1975 ) which remains extremely contaminated.[ 49 ]Dredging itself is no easy undertaking and requires the motion of dirt to a risky containment site.[ 50 ]Even with the improved H2O quality, the EPA ( even in a preliminary appraisal ) has found taint along the full length of the canal ( including pesticides, metals and malignant neoplastic disease doing agents ( PCB ‘s ) ) .[ 51 ] Current thoughts of clean up have included hot topographic point clean up of contaminated countries, taint decrease steps, the creative activity of more wetlands, methods to better H2O quality, and the change of the H2O flow by utilizing hydrology to better H2O quality.[ 52 ]In add-on it is necessary to clean up the land H2O underneath assorted industrial installations to forestall migration of contaminated dust.[ 53 ] The merchandise of the start of the some of the clean up of the canal can be seen with the find of life within the canal including several crustaceans, fish, worms, and Phoxinus phoxinuss ( although the wellness of these animals has yet to be determined ) ,[ 54 ]which did non be even two old ages ago.[ 55 ]56 The increased community and quasi political activism including the Gowanus Canal Community Development Corporation ( GCCDC ) , the Gowanus Dredgers and Place in History are opening public cognition of the country. Events such as the Gowanus Earth Day Spring Cleaning, Red Hook Earth and Surf Parade, the Brooklyn Waterfront Bicycle Tour, and the Gowanus Oktoberfest have besides increased public consciousness. Other thoughts have included the creative activity of the Gowanus Canal Revitalization Program which has resulted in the creative activity of the three street end public unfastened infinites ( through the metropoliss Green Street Program ) .[ 57 ] In 2002, the US Army Corps of Engineers entered into a joint attempt with the NYC DEP to join forces on a $ 5 million Ecosystem Restoration Feasibility Study of the Gowanus Canal.[ 58 ]This survey was initiated to assist to find the best methods to clean up the canal. New York City through all of it ‘s attempts did non take into history ( give an exact estimation ) of how much it was responsible for its contributed harm to the Canal. It did though province that it would wish to hold the money that it has besides used for ( 1 ) the feasibleness survey, and ( 2 ) has already committed $ 150 million dollars towards the betterment of the olfactory properties and forestalling sewerage discharges in the country.[ 59 ]The EPA has gone on record as stating that this was work was complimentary.[ 60 ]They have non though made any kind of statement as to whether or non this would be used to cut down the claim against the metropolis. What we should see though is that the metropolis has in fact profited greatly from the economic activity around the canal including but non limited to assorted revenue enhancements ( including belongings, gross revenues, concern, etc ) . A new fright though has arisen with the planned move of the New Jersey Nets to Brooklyn and the edifice of the new sphere and next lodging ( Barclay ‘s Center ) . With the new inflow of population and industry comes in inflow of sewerage ( which is frequently disposed into the canal. This along with rainwater has many times in the yesteryear led to floods of the system. So who is responsible for clean up? The EPA has designated nine parties as those who are responsible for the clean up of the country including New York City, the US NAVY, Con-Ed, and six other private companies.[ 61 ]There is besides probes on the manner for 20 other companies in the yesteryear who might hold polluted every bit good.[ 62 ]New York City itself was responsible for holding an asphalt mill every bit good as an incinerator which contributed to pollution in the country.[ 63 ] Political Climate in New York Concerning Superfund Status The Gowanus Canal had one of the worse pollution seen by the EPA in every bit many old ages. Walter Mugdan, regional EPA Superfund Director, was quoted as stating â€Å" Where we usually in Superfund sites may mensurate risky contaminations in parts per million or even parts per billion, in the Gowanus Canal, we ‘re mensurating them in parts per hundred. †[ 64 ]The â€Å" sludge † that was taken from the site was so acerb that it ate right through the heavy responsibility plastic that was used to incorporate it over the class of a weekend.[ 65 ] Now the Gowanus Canal is n’t the first country in New York City to be declared a Superfund site. In fact, 197 stat mis of the Hudson River, runing from the Hudson Falls to the Southern Tip of Manhattan, was declared a Superfund site over 25 old ages ago.[ 66 ] New York City Mayor, Michael Bloomberg, admits that the Gowanus Canal needs to be cleaned. He is though against the Gowanus Canal being labeled a Superfund site fearing that it could ( 1 ) flicker of judicial proceeding that could detain clean up, ( 2 ) frighten away developers in an country that the metropolis wanted to rezone for commercial and residential usage.[ 67 ]The thought of making a â€Å" Venice of Brooklyn, †[ 68 ]seems to be a spot far fetched but the thought of one would in fact conveying a possible existent estate roar to the country. The EPA counters that the â€Å" a smelly, foul and unhealthy waterway †[ 69 ]could be more of a hindrance to developers in the country. What the metropolis did n’t see is that Bankss consider the environmental conditions of belongingss prior to financing them. It is unfastened and public cognition that the Gowanus Canal is a contaminated country. So the appellation of a Superfund program listing will make a stigma i s weakened.[ 70 ] Litigation is surely a possibility. Many companies merely do n’t be any more, and at that place have been a figure of instances where companies have tried to detain or even dispute the monetary value ticket of clean up. GE ‘s current two measure escape path ( one jurisprudence suit with two statements ) via judicial proceeding is a primary illustration of a current company that is seeking to avoid paying or earnestly cut down paying in a local country.[ 71 ] In the yesteryear, some of the wellness hazards have served as hurt to the edifice of residential, commercial and lodging[ 72 ], but by rezoning this may be challenged. This fear though may be ameliorated by the fact that some past Superfund sites in the New York City metro country have become premier illustrations of great development including Roosevelt Field Mall in Garden City, NY.[ 73 ] Michael Bloomberg states that his alternate clean-up method could take every bit small as 9.5 old ages at a cost of approximately $ 300 million dollars. The EPA countered that the killing and support is based on funding from the Federal Government which may non of all time come ( since the federal financess would necessitate congressional blessing[ 74 ]) .[ 75 ]The EPA counters that its program will take away from federal funding and ensures that the â€Å" defiler wages † rule is applied ( since the metropolis has no power to force defilers to pay and itself a defiler ) .[ 76 ]The EPA provinces that clean up should be between 300 and 500 million dollars and take between 10 to 12 old ages.[ 77 ]The City does hold one strong advantage in footings of velocity of the undertaking. The metropolis would get down clean up of the Canal get downing November of 2010 and entire completion would be by 2020.[ 78 ]The EPA ‘s program would affect the usage of a plan/strategy, which wou ld be completed by 2014, and the clean up would take 10 to 12 old ages from that point. This would ensue in a clean up completion day of the month of 2026. What the metropolis might genuinely be in fright of is the possibility of the Gowanus Canal turning into another Love Canal Tragedy ( which took about 25 old ages to clean up ) .[ 79 ]With a hodgepodge of resources ( the metropolis would come in into an understanding with 10-12 companies and depend on metropolis A ; province taxpayer dollars and federal appropriations[ 80 ]) every bit good at New York State itself back uping the Superfund appellation ( believing that it could non back up to clean up the canal by itself ) the metropolis faced another blow to an already weak place.[ 81 ] Ultimately, the EPA designated the Gowanus Canal a Superfund program site. With this appellation some of the proposed development such as the upwards of 477 condo and townhouses were instantly placed on clasp.[ 82 ]The undertaking proprietor stated that with the Superfund program appellation it would be impossible to acquire funding for the undertaking.[ 83 ]Second, the selling of existent estate units to a Superfund program site which is synonymous to some people to a barren is virtually impossible.[ 84 ]Third, the trouble in obtaining insurance can be a immense factor in the building in the country.[ 85 ]They besides argued with uncertainness on how long it may take to clean up the country valuable time/money resources could be wasted.[ 86 ]Gowanus Green, which has planned to construct over 774 more lodging in the country plans to go on with its undertaking. It should be noted that Gowanus Green is to a great extent financed by New York City.[ 87 ] In entire until the Superfund program appellation was to look the planned extra lodging was to be around 1400 houses ; although with clean up it is estimated it could lift to 3000 extra lodging in entire.[ 88 ]With such big extra lodging though we must see if the substructure can back up this. Are at that place adequate H2O, sewerage, parking, and educational installations available to back up such an extra population? Merely because the country can be cleaned and there is adequate infinite to construct a population does non needfully intend the substructure can to the full back up this. In add-on there are other considerations that must be taken into history. These considerations include wellness attention costs and possible judicial proceeding if ( 1 ) an unknown agent is deemed to be a cause of a possible hereafter wellness hazard, and ( 2 ) if judicial proceeding occurs that could forestall the EPA from traveling frontward at a alert gait. Concerns of implosion therapy ( which is what happened at the Love Canal and is a existent possibility sing the past events of deluging ) and oozing into occupants back paces is a strong concern. The bead in belongings value and the loss or possible occupations could ensue in the loss of 1000000s of dollars. There is the alternate point of view that the importance of the clean up should supplant any belongings value loss or occupation loss.[ 89 ]This though may be a beginning of judicial proceeding that may decelerate the undertaking of the clean up down well. In other Superfund program sites, judicial proceeding has slowed advancement of Superfund program clean up ( as in the town of Libby, Minnesota ) .[ 90 ]Surveies have farther shown that there does be decreased belongings value listings following a Superfund program listing, but after clean up belongings value does increase ( many times to flush higher degrees that it had originally been ) .[ 91 ] Beginning NYS Dept of Health[ 92 ] Beginning NYS Dept of Health[ 93 ] How to cite The Gowanus Creek Canal Superfund Case Study Environmental Sciences Essay, Free Case study samples

Planning Issues for Children of Heaven

Table of Contents Family Values, Family Ties and Social Network Cultural Differences among Haves and Have-nots Consequences of Urban Environment Use of Alleys and other Neighborhood Conditions Slum Environment Conclusion References Cities are not just about structures such as streets, buildings, and stores but they are also about people (Clayton, 2000). Cities are made up of people (Clayton Optow, 2003). There is a link between people who live in a city and the way the city is created and inhabited (Stucky, 2005). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning Issues for Children of Heaven specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time it can be said that poverty is not just about people without money. Poverty is also connected to the environment where poor people live. Using this analogy it can be said that there is great importance to look into the development of cities. In the movie Children of Heaven the i nteraction between the people, the city and poverty was the backdrop used for an amazing story. Family Values, Family Ties and Social Network City planners may want to improve the layout to the city but they have to consider family ties and social network. Family values dictate that it is more important to maintain family ties and social network than the need to improve the environment. Surely, it is much better to live in a nice city. But the question is how can people be compelled to move out from the slums or the city into the rural areas and to deal with the problem of congestion and overpopulation? It is also unlikely that the government can uproot people and force them to live in a place or a town where they have no relatives. It is indeed a challenge to force people to leave the slums. Planners and policymakers may want to implement a more radical solution to the problem of poverty and urban decay by destroying the slums. But it can be argued that people will resist. It is e asy to understand why people are willing to use violence to stay where they live. Aside form the social values, there is a reason why people in cities try their best to maintain family ties and the social network. It can be argued that the family ties and social network are intangible resources that they can rely upon when they in need. For example, there is a scene in the movie when the boy could buy food even though he had no money. There was trust because the storeowner knew the parents of the boy. It can also be said that a social network built by community values existed there and it punished those who would try to avoid payment and not respect the informal business relationships built through many generations.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cultural Differences among Haves and Have-nots Cultural difference among the Rich and the Poor must be considered in the event of urb an planning or urban renewal. If the government wants to improve the physical environment of the city, there is a need to understand cultural difference between different social layers of the society The Rich have resources that enable them to transfer to a community where they do not know their neighbors. The Rich are self-sufficient and self-reliant in such a way that they will not mind if they are not at a walking distance away from their relatives. The Poor may not be happy with the idea of changing the key aspects of their living because they believe that it is a part of their ability to deal with the problems of living in an urban setting. It can be said that poverty may have shaped the social outlook and the culture that surrounds the Rich and the Poor. For example, the Rich can appreciate the importance of long-term planning. The Poor on the other hand live their lives on a daily basis. In other words, there are those who will not go to doctor’s office to treat a med ical problem they do not have, it is more important for them to spend the money on bread rather than on medical purposes. Consequences of Urban Environment It is important to highlight the meaning of poverty. According to the experts in urban development, â€Å"Households or individuals are considered poor when the resources they command are insufficient to enable them to consume sufficient goods and services to achieve a reasonable minimum level of welfare† (Lloyd-Jones Radoki, 2002, p.12). It is therefore important define at first the minimum level of welfare required. Therefore, urban planners must have a specific goal with regard to the delivery of basic services as well as the capability of the residents to purchase the things that they need. In this movie the basic level of welfare is centered on food, health care, shelter and education. The inability of a family to acquire all these things proves that they are poor. However, it has to be made clear that the urban en vironment is a major factor to their poverty. The urban environment is a major reason why they remain poor. One factor to consider is house rent. It is not difficult to understand the great impact of house rent on the family welfare. A family struggling to get the basic food, clothes and medications should not be burdened by high cost of rent. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning Issues for Children of Heaven specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But in an urban environment real estate is a luxury. People living in cities cannot afford to have their own land and their own house. In most cases, urban dwellers can only live in a city if they are willing to pay rent. Urban planners and policy makers must seriously consider a solution to the high cost of rent of houses and apartments. Use of Alleys and other Neighborhood Conditions There was a scene in the movie where the girl was running through the heart of the ur ban landscape chasing after her shoe that had fallen into an open sewer. Many people living in industrialized countries may find it difficult to imagine an urban setting where one can find an open sewer. The first problem with open sewers is that it is a safety concern. Children can fall into an open sewer and break their ankles. Another major problem with open sewers is linked to health concerns. Children have the tendency to wander into these open sewers and play with dirty water. Aside from structural problems like open sewers, urban planners must look into the congestion of alleys and streets because of hawkers and sellers of goods. These places must be easily accessible by people and not clogged with merchandize. Slum Environment There was a moving scene in the movie when the poor boy played in the home of a rich family. The poor boy was happy because he was playing in the midst of a garden. It must have been paradise for him. Poor cities may tend to consider gardens as luxury, but urban planners must create gardens and parks that are easily accessible by both rich and poor families. Conclusion Cities are not just about physical structures built by engineers and city planners, cities are also about people. In the same way poverty is not just about the lack of funds but it is also the result of the physical environment where poor people live. The movie seems to say that the physical environment of the city is a contributing factor to poverty of the people. Thus, it is important that policy makers develop solutions not only to address poverty in general but also the urban environment where poor people live. References Clayton, J. (2000). Small town bound. New York: Xlibris Corporation. Clayton, S., Optow, S. (2003). Identity and the natural environment. MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lloyd-Jones, T., Rakodi, J. (2002). Urban livelihoods: a people-centered approach to reducing poverty. VA: Earthscan Publications. Stucky, T. (2005). Urban politics, crime rates, and police strength. Washington, D.C.: LFB Scholarly Publishing. This essay on Planning Issues for Children of Heaven was written and submitted by user Ale1gha to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.